Understanding skin – On different parts of the body

The skin is the body’s largest organ, but not all skin is the same. Skin structure, and the way it behaves, differs slightly according to where it is on our bodies. Not all skin gets the same treatment either. Some areas of the body, for example the hands and face, are more exposed to external forces such as the sun and cleaning products than other parts. Intelligent skincare should reflect the different needs of skin across the body.

The skin on our face, head, armpits, hands and feet differs slightly to the skin on the rest of our bodies.

Our face is the most noticeable part of our body. The condition and appearance of our facial skin is a key indicator of our overall health and it also plays a significant role in our self-esteem. Problems with facial skin and signs of ageing are highly visible on the face and can cause significant embarrassment and affect a person’s confidence. As consumers we want to keep our facial skin in the very best condition and it is for this reason that the face is the focus of so much skincare research and so many skincare products.

Like all skin, facial skin performs an important role as a barrier against the external environment. But, unlike the skin on the majority of our body, it is almost always in direct contact with the elements such as the sun and UV rays. Facial skin is particularly thin and sensitive and so is susceptible to ageing. Read more in general skin ageing.

The skin around the eyes is even thinner and delicate and needs an appropriate care. The epidermis (the external layers of skin) is normally about 0.1mm thick; around the eyes it ranges from 0-0.5mm thick.

Facial skin, and its condition, differs from person to person but there are 4 main skin types – normal, dry, oily and combination. Learn more in skin types and conditions and take our skin test to help determine your own skin type.

The skin on our heads, known as our scalp, is rich in blood vessels and contains more hair follicles and more sebaceous glands than any other part of our bodies.

Sebaceous glands are always connected to hair follicles. They produce a lipid- rich secretion known as sebum to the surface of the skin which, along with other epidermal lipids, forms the hydrolipid film that protects the surface of the skin and promotes healthy hair production. Read more in skin structure.

Healthy hair is an indicator of our overall health and, like facial skin, is closely linked to how we feel about ourselves – hence the concept of ‘good hair day’ and ‘bad hair day’. The hair that we see on our heads is the shaft; below the surface of our skin are the hair roots which are encased by hair follicles. These follicles, made up of connective tissue in the dermal layer of the skin, nourish the hair and help it to grow.

The increased number of follicles and glands on our scalp, combined by the fact that is has its own specific skin flora, make our scalps particularly susceptible to certain skin disorders. It is important to give our scalps specific gentle care in order to promote both healthy hair production and our overall health and wellbeing.

Underarm skin is particularly sensitive because skin rubs on skin in this area and it can go for periods of time without light and air. Armpit skin is also frequently subjected to harsh shaving or the chemicals in hair removal products and some deodorants and anti-perspirants.

But the skin under our arms is most commonly associated with sweating. Humans have approximately 1.6-4 million sweat glands all over the body and they are most dense under the arms, in the palms of the hands and on the soles of the feet. There are two types of sweat glands:

• Eccrine glands: which are found all over the body. 
• Apocrine glands: which are concentrated in the armpits, genital area and breasts.

The apocrine glands, which are activated during puberty, produce sweat that is high in protein and attracts bacteria.

Armpits are dark, moist places where it is easy for bacteria to grow. The pH of most skin on the body is around 5.5. It forms a naturally acidic layer, known as the acid mantle, which helps to protect it against bacteria. Skin in the armpits is pH 6.5. This significant reduction in acidity makes it more susceptible to the growth of bacteria. As the bacteria metabolise (break down), they produce strong-smelling substances. Because the armpit prevents these substances from evaporating, they can lead to unpleasant body odour. Read more in sweating.

The hands are human tools and their skin is markedly different from that of other parts of the body. The skin on the palms is also completely different to that of the back of the hands:

The skin on the palms and balls of the fingers and thumbs:

• has a thick and robust horny layer
• is rich in fatty and connective tissue
• is well padded with tissue insensitive to pressure
• is hair-free and has no sebaceous glands
• has a high density of sweat glands
• has a shortage of natural moisturising factors (NMF)

The skin on the backs of the hands:

• has hardly any fatty tissue 
• is especially thin
• has only a few, fine hairs 

Little or no hair indicates that the number of sebaceous glands is much lower than on other parts of the body.

The hair follicles, from which hair grows, are accompanied by sebaceous glands and therefore responsible for the production of sebum which provides skin with lipids and some of its moisture-binding components. So the hands have fewer lipids and are less able to bind in moisture than other parts of the body.

The skin on the hands is also less able to stabilize the few lipids and moisture-binding components that it has. The pH of the hands is less acidic than on many other parts of the body, so its protective acid mantle – the natural acidity that guards skin - is compromised.

The fact that the skin on the front of the hands is different to that on the back of the hands also means that the overall formation of the hydrolipid film (the emulsion of fat and water that covers the outside of the skin) is weakened. As a result, our hands are more susceptible to dehydration and will dry out rapidly when over worked.

And hands work hard. During the course of a day’s work in the house, office or garden, hands will be particularly exposed to external, lipid-stripping, factors. Whilst frequent contact with water alone can dry out the skin, the hands are also regularly subjected to surfactants, solvents, changes in temperature and mechanical strain. The natural protection and repair systems of the skin are overworked and this can result in damage to the skin’s barrier function.

The skin on the soles of our feet contains more fat cells in its innermost layer (the subcutis) than in most other parts of the body. This is because our feet need extra padding and shock absorption. They bear three times a human’s body weight with every step and are frequently subjected to manual pressures such as rubbing from tight or poorly fitting shoes or from lots of walking or running.

Despite their extra padding, excessive rubbing can damage skin’s barrier function and lead to dry skin and ultimately to calluses and corns. Calluses and corns are thickened areas of skin that usually occur on the soles and heels and are roughly round in shape. They press into the deeper layers of skin and can be painful. 

The epidermis (the outermost layers of skin) is thicker on our feet than on other parts of our body –normally at around 0.1mm in total, it ranges between 1-5mm on the soles of the feet. When the skin on our feet is exposed to prolonged pressure and friction, callus production increases and the epidermis becomes thick and hard, a condition known as hyperkeratosis.

Because skin the structure and function of our skin differs according to where it is on our bodies, the different areas benefit from a tailored approach to skincare.

There are 3 basic steps to good skincare: cleanse, care and protect.

It is important to use products that have been formulated specifically for your skin type and condition and that respect your skin’s natural pH. Look out for medical skincare products that have been tested on, and proven to be compatible with, sensitive skin. Eucerin offer a comprehensive range of face care products to suit all skin types and conditions, all of which have been tested on, and proven to be compatible with, sensitive skin.

For more information on how to care for your facial skin, including the delicate skin around your eyes read a daily routine for the face. Click here to find out more about skin types and conditions or take our skin test.

If you are in any doubt as to your skin type or condition or which products would be best for you then contact a dermatologist to seek their advice.

The skin on the scalp is particularly susceptible to irritation and it is important to use mild, specially formulated products for daily care and for the treatment of any conditions.

The wrong choice of shampoo is one of the main causes of scalp sensitivity. Harsh cleansers and surfactants can wash away the scalp’s acid mantle, leaving it susceptible to dryness and irritation. Some people also report having a hypersensitive or sensitive scalp after receiving treatment for skin conditions such as Atopic Dermatitis or Psoriasis.

To promote scalp and hair health, it is advisable to use a mild shampoo with a pH close to that of skin and to choose scalp and hair care products that have been tested on, and proven to be compatible with sensitive skin. Find out more about the range of mild but effective daily use shampoos from Eucerin in Eucerin DermoCapillaire.

When scalp irritations do occur they can lead to micro inflammation: mild inflammations where skin is responding to irritation and attempting to repair itself. These inflammations are so mild that they are not noticed but, if subjected to further irritation, can develop into a condition. There is growing evidence that micro inflammations of the scalp are involved in the four most common scalp disorders:

• sensitive scalp
• dry and itchy scalp
• dandruff
• thinning hair and hair loss

To learn more about the symptoms and causes of these common scalp complaints read sensitive scalp, dry and itchy scalp, dandruff and thinning hair and hairloss. Eucerin offer a comprehensive range of leave-on scalp treatments that have been clinically proven to treat and offer protection against these concerns, promoting a healthy scalp and healthy hair. Find out more in Eucerin DermoCapillaire.

Most armpit care is dedicated to limiting the negative effects of sweating. Sweating, which is also known as perspiring or transpiring, is a completely natural and very important way of regulating body heat. When the brain detects that body temperature has risen above 98.6°F/37°C, it sends signals to the sweat glands to release a liquid. This liquid – sweat – then cools the surface of skin.

The signs of sweating and the body odour that may result can, however, be unsightly and embarrassing. There are two main treatments available:

• deodorants 
• anti-perspirants

Deodorants
Deodorants do not influence the amount of sweat produced, but contain substances that slow down the reproduction of odour-producing bacteria (bacteriostasis). They can also include ingredients that absorb odour-forming substances and reduce unwanted body odour. Some also contain scents and perfumes to mask unpleasant body odours.

Anti-perspirants
Also known as anti-transpirants, anti-perspirants contain active substances which reduce the amount of sweat produced resulting in less dampness and less odour.

In extreme cases, known as hyperhidrosis, medical deodorants are available which combine antiseptics, antiperspirants and an acid pH to inhibit the growth of bacteria, combining effectiveness with skin compatibility. Eucerin offers a comprehensive range of spray on and roll on anti-perspirants and deodorants which are proven to be effective and which have been tested on, and proven to be compatible with, sensitive skin. Read more in Eucerin Deodorants and Anti-Transpirants and some interesting facts about the story behind the range.

The skin on our hands has a greater need for lipid replacement than skin on other parts of the body. It is important to keep hands well moisturised as damaged, cracked, dry and sensitive hands have an increased tendency to develop conditions such as irritant contact dermatitis.

Harsh cleansing products should be avoided as should over washing. When you do wash your hands, use warm rather than hot water and it is less likely to dry out the skin.

The skin on your hands will benefit from cleansing and care products that:

• are mild but effective products and have been tested on, and proven to be compatible with, sensitive skin
• replace lost lipids
• maintain skin’s natural pH
• promote the regeneration process
• offer protective from over exposure to harmful UV rays which can cause premature ageing

70% of foot problems, including the development of corns and calluses, are caused by inappropriate shoes. Pressure reducing rings, a softening cream and avoiding tight shoes will help as will regular washing with mild but effective cleansers and the application of medical footcare products that treat skin concerns in this area.

Feet should be regularly checked. Cracks, itching and moistness between the toes or scaling on the sole of the foot can be a first sign of fungal infection. If these symptoms appear, consult a dermatologist.